Fundamentals of Computing

 Introduction to Network Devices: Repeater Regenerate the signal over the same network before the network becomes too weak or corrupted. They do not amplify the signal. It is a 2 port device. Hub A multiport repeater. They cannot filter data and so data packets are sent to all connected devices. Collision domain of all hosts connected through same hub remains one. Switches A multiport bridge. It is a data link layer device. It divides the collision domain of hosts but broadcast domain remains one. Router It routes data packets based on their IP address. It is a Network Layer device. It divides broadcast domain of host connected through it. Repeater A repeater receives bit signals generated by NICs and other devices, strengthens them, and then “repeats” them to other parts of the network. A repeater enables you to connect computers whose distance from one another would make communication impossible.  A traditional repeater has two ports or connections that you can use to exte...

 Network Communication In data communication, a Kilobit is one thousand bits. It is used to measure the amount of data transferred per second. Kilobits per second is shortened to kb/s, Kbps or kbps. Lower case b is used to represent bits while the upper-case B is used for Bytes. The "K" stands for 1024. The "k" stands for 1000. Download KBPS speed = (Kbps value*1000) /8)) / 1024.  Components of Networks A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so it can connect to a network. Network medium—A cable that plugs into the NIC and makes the connection between a computer and the rest of the network. Network media can also be the air waves, as in wireless networks.   Interconnecting device—allow two or more computers to communicate on the network without having to be connected directly to one another. Protocols—define the rules and formats a computer must use when sending information ...

 Number System Computers use binary (base 2) number system, as they are made from binary digital components known as transistors. There are also hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number systems. Decimal (Base 10) Number System It has ten symbols: 0-9, called digits. It uses positional notation. We can denote it with an optional suffix D if ambiguity arises. Binary (Base 2) Number System It also uses positional notation. It has only 2 notations: 0 and 1. We can denote it with the symbol B. Eight bit is equal to a byte. Hexadecimal (Base 16) Number System It also uses positional notation. It uses 16 symbols: 0-9 and A-F. We can denote it with a suffix H. Each hexadecimal digit is also called a hex digit. Most programming language accept both lower case a-f and upper case A-F. Number Representation-Unsigned If there are N bits in the binary number, the range of the number is: 0 .. 2 **N 1.  Assume 3 bits: 2**3- 1 = 8 -1=7 000, 001, 010, 011 100, 101, 110, 111 Range for 8 b...