Fundamentals of Computing

Network protocol can be defined as a set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network. Network protocols are the main reasons why we can easily communicate with people all over the world, and thus play a critical role in modern digital communications. Application layer: It is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. Provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to users. Application layer Protocol: HTTP HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol. Hypertext means there are documents or files involved. Transfer means the files can move over the world wide web from one networked device to another. Protocol means the set of rules governing communication in networks. Communication between client computers and web servers is done by sending HTTP requests and receiving HTTP Responses. Hyper Transfer Protocol Secure (https) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer P...

 A protocol can be defined as a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on network. These rules include guidelines that regulates the following characteristics of a network: access method, allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data transfer. Both OSI reference and TCP/IP models are based on concepts of layering. What is layering? Dividing a task into sub-tasks and then solving each sub-task independently. Establishing a well defined interface between layers make porting easier. Some major advantages are: Code reusability. Extensibility Accelerates evolution. Simplifies teaching and learning. The OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model is basically a description for layered communications and computer network protocol and transmission design. It divides data movement into seven layers from top to bottom and is often called the OSI Seven Layer Model. The seven models includes: Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Tr...