Fundamentals of Computing

Process A process is a set of instructions that is loaded in a memory.  A process in Linux is nothing but a running program. Each process will have a unique process ID (PID) and other resources, like memory and CPU time. A process can be in only one state at an instance. They can be of the following instances: Running: It is executing the code currently. Ready: It is ready to be executed but is waiting for CPU time. Sleeping: It is temporarily stopped so that other processes are finished first. Stopped: The process is stopped by the system or the user. Zombie: The execution is completed but it still has an entry in the process table. Process Management ps - report a snapshot of the current process. ps -a -- All terminals ps -e -- List of all the processes ps -o --(customer properties) ps -ao --tty, comm, pid, %mem, %cpu top - real-time process monitor that displays the information about all running processes. kill - it is used to stop a process Network Configuration ifconfig o...

 A Linux file system is like a digital filing cabinet for your computer. It's where all your files, documents, programs, and data are stored. Just as you might organize physical papers in folders and drawers, a Linux file system organizes digital information into directories (like folders) and files. These directories can be nested within each other, creating a structured hierarchy. Think of it as a way for your computer to keep everything in order, making it easy to find and access your documents and programs. It's the foundation that allows your computer to manage, store, and retrieve all the data and software you use. What are Pathnames?? A pathname is like a digital address for a file or folder on your computer. It tells your computer where to find that specific item by specifying the directories and subdirectories it's located in, separated by slashes (or backslashes on Windows). It's how you navigate and access your files and folders. / is also called the root dir...

 Why learn commands? We learn it because it makes file management in Linux easier. Commands are also referred to as "Programs" because whenever we run a command, its actually the corresponding program code we are writing. Basic Linux Commands: Listing Files- ( ls) it shows the files and directories in the current directory or in the directory where we are presently working. Listing all the files of a directory and their subdirectories- ( ls -R) this command not only the files in the directory but also their subdirectories. note that the command "ls-R" is case sensitive and if we write the letter r in a small case, "ls-r", it will throw an error. Listing all files- ( ls -al ) it gives us detailed information about the files. this command provides information in a tabular format. The detailed information includes permission, owner, groups, date and time, file sizes, etc. It also shows us the hidden files. Hidden items in Linux begin with the "." pe...

 Linux is an operating system. An operating system is software that manages all of the hardware resources associated with a desktop or laptop. The OS manages the communication between your software and your hardware. Without the OS, the software would not function. To manage files, we can use two methods: Terminal (Command Line Interface - CLI) File manager (Graphical User Interface-GUI). Some compelling uses of Command Line Interface (CLI): Commands offer more options and are flexible. Some configurations in GUI are 5 screens deep while in CLI it is just a single command. CLI loads fast and do not consume RAM as compared to GUI. There are two ways to launch CLI on Ubuntu: Go to search and type terminal CTRL + ALT + T $ sign suggests that you are working as a regular user in Linux. "#" is displayed while working as a root user. Present Working Directory Directory which is currently browsing is called the Present working directory. if we want to check the directory we are curr...

  What are Containers? It can be defined as a standard package of software that bundles the code and all its dependencies so that the application is able to run quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another. It provides an infrastructure that allows application deployment to be packaged lightly and immutably. Container Image- The code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings are packaged together as a container image. Linux Containers Is a set of one or more processes that are isolated from the rest of the system. All the files necessary to run them are provided from a distinct image. Linux containers are portable and consistent as they move from development to testing, and then finally to production. This makes it better to use than most development pipelines.  Linux containers help you alleviate issues and iterate faster—across multiple environments. Why should you use Linux Containers? Imagine you’re developing an application. You do you...

Network protocol can be defined as a set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network. Network protocols are the main reasons why we can easily communicate with people all over the world, and thus play a critical role in modern digital communications. Application layer: It is used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients. Provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information and present meaningful data to users. Application layer Protocol: HTTP HTTP stands for hypertext transfer protocol. Hypertext means there are documents or files involved. Transfer means the files can move over the world wide web from one networked device to another. Protocol means the set of rules governing communication in networks. Communication between client computers and web servers is done by sending HTTP requests and receiving HTTP Responses. Hyper Transfer Protocol Secure (https) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer P...